Domestic Violence in slavic communities Dissertation

Aggressive behavior at home in slavic networks - Dissertation Example It additionally asserts that females being dependent upon brutality the world over fluctuate in the scope of â€Å"20 to 50 percent from nation to country† (Khan, 2000). This plainly accentuates the gravity of the issue. Another significant worry in standing up to this issue appears to come from the way that ladies, when all is said in done, need mindfulness about the security just as the restoration programs accessible to them. Linda Chamberlain and Julie Ann Rivers-Chchran find that there have been broad support programs for ladies and offspring of aggressive behavior at home, however the quantity of individuals who require this administration far surpasses the assets accessible. In this manner, the backers presently think that its increasingly proper to center regard for extend â€Å"the extent of their work past direct casualty administrations to incorporate prevention† (Chamberlain, 2011). Along these lines, this writing audit has brought to fore a substantial thou ght for situating the endeavors towards avoidance too as opposed to simply supporting the people in question. So far as it identifies with the issue from the viewpoint of criminal equity, specialists fight that it has consistently been found with regards to rebuffing the culprit as opposed to from the point perspective on establishing proper arrangements to help to the people in question.

Protein Diet in Athletes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein Diet in Athletes - Essay Example The muscle development relies upon the harmony between protein combination (anabolism) and protein breakdown (catabolism). Exercise influences this parity and for exercises that cause muscle hypertrophy, the anabolic procedure must surpass the catabolic procedure. In exceptionally genuinely dynamic people, proteins improve nitrogen maintenance and forestall protein catabolism during delayed exercise. In addition, they forestall sports iron deficiency and resynthesize muscle glycogen after exercise. The harmony among anabolic and catabolic procedures in the body can be dictated by the fundamental amino corrosive, leucine. A positive leucine balance demonstrates the nearness of the corrosive in the cells that favor protein anabolism. Lessening in amino corrosive accessibility because of low protein consumption expands muscle protein catabolism while expanded amino corrosive accessibility invigorates muscle protein combination and more prominent muscle anabolism. Hormones, for example, insulin and testosterone additionally assume a job in muscle protein blend and hypertrophy. After exercise, insulin restrains further muscle protein breakdown, and when limited quantities of amino acids are ingested with starches, transient muscle protein anabolism happens since sugars reestablish gracefully. Amino corrosive supplementation and effect the athlete’s execution No agreement has been reached on the job of amino corrosive supplementation on athlete’s execution. Williams (2005) noticed that when fanned chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation is utilized when work out.

How Alcoholics Anonymous Works

How Alcoholics Anonymous Works Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print An Overview of Alcoholics Anonymous By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 06, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 23, 2019 Sneksy / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Alcoholics Anonymous is an international fellowship of men and women who have had a drinking problem. It is nonprofessional, self-supporting, multiracial, apolitical, and available almost everywhere. There are no age or education requirements. Membership is open to anyone who wants to do something about their drinking problem. Alcoholics Anonymous, or AA as it is widely known, has been around since it was founded in 1935 by Bill W. and Dr. Bob in Akron, Ohio. The expansion of the program from a meeting between two alcoholics on June 10, 1935, got a boost with the publication of the book, Alcoholics Anonymous, known as The Big Book, and in 1941 by the publication of an article in the Saturday Evening Post about the group.?? The rich history of the early days of the formation of the Alcoholics Anonymous movement has been chronicled by archivist Mitchell K. in a series of articles available online.?? The Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous Who Can Join Alcoholism and drug addiction are often referred to as substance abuse or chemical dependency. Alcoholics and nonalcoholics are, therefore, sometimes introduced to AA and encouraged to attend AA meetings. Anyone may attend open AA meetings. An open meeting is open to the public, while a closed meeting is for members only. Only those with a drinking problem may attend closed meetings or become AA members. People with problems other than alcoholism are eligible for AA membership only if they have a drinking problem too.?? According to AA traditions, the only qualification for membership is a desire to stop drinking. What AA Does AA members share their experience with anyone seeking help with a drinking problem; they give person-to-person service or sponsorship to the alcoholic coming to AA from any source. The AA program, set forth in the Twelve Steps, offers the alcoholic a way to develop a satisfying life without alcohol. This program is discussed at AA group meetings.?? Open AA meetings, which anyone can attend, are usually speaker meetings, at which a member of AA will tell his storyâ€"what it was like, what happened and what its like now. Most AA meetings, however, are closed meetings for members only. A typical AA meeting is a topic discussion meeting. The person leading the meeting chooses a topic and members to take turns sharing their experience on the topic. Some AA meetings are designated for a specific purpose, such as 12-step study groups or beginners meetings designed to teach newcomers about the basics of the program. People who have never been to an actual AA meeting can have misconceptions about how they work due to portrayals they may have seen in the movies or on television. Learn what to expect from a meeting. What Are the 12 Traditions of AA? Effectiveness Due to the confidential nature of a program in which members practice anonymity, and the traditions of the program which discourages members from endorsing outside enterprises, scientific studies of the efficiency of AA are limited. However, there are several studies that have shown that people who were involved in mutual support groups were more likely to remain abstinent after three years than those who tried to quit on their own.?? There have been several studies that show that people who seek professional treatment or counseling for their drinking problems have better outcomes if they combine participation in AA along with their outpatient or inpatient treatment program. Is AA for You? Clearly, faith-based programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous are not for everyone. Although millions of people claim to have found lasting recovery in AA, the spiritual aspect of the program can be a stumbling block for some who wish to stop drinking. Can AA help you? The only way to find out is to give it a try and see for yourself if you think the help and support from others struggling with the same problem will help you stay sober. AA has no dues or fees, so it wont cost you anything to visit a few meetings. You really have nothing to lose by giving it a try. How to Find a Meeting Alcoholics Anonymous is usually listed in the white pages of most local telephone books. Call your local number for information on meetings in your area. The Central office, intergroup or answering service numbers throughout the world are available on the AA World Services website. There are also many online meetings available. How to Find an Online AA Meeting

Taking a Look at the Gettysburg Address - 507 Words

The Gettysburg Address - Abraham Lincoln 1863 The Gettysburg speech was short, sharp, powerful and one to remember. Still to this day it remains to a well known, well respected speech. Lets start with something obvious, the author and audience. The Gettysburg address delivered by the American, president Abraham Lincoln. The reason behind giving the speech was given was to dedicate the ground at, Gettysburg, as a Cemetery and to honor the men who died in Battle. We also need to keep in mind that the federal election was coming up, and America wanted to hear from the president about the war. Over 10,000 people had gathered at the cemetery to listen to his speech. Yet lincons speech was addressed to many more than just that. It was dedicated to people all over America, about what will happen in the upcoming year, and who will lead the country. It was delivered on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War, It only took Abraham a couple of minutes to deliver the Gettysburg address, yet there is so much, packed into it. The Gettysburg address was not so much focused on an issue or debate. When Lincoln started writing this speech, its intention was to be in memory, devotion and honor to those who died, and also to declare the ground as a cemetery. He says â€Å"We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation mightShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Abraham Lincoln s Gettysburg Address981 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the statement in which Abraham Lincoln started â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†.152 years ago, Lincoln delivered this well-known speech in front of an audience who was searching for help during a time of war. Some may believe it was not an inspiration why others will say it was. To some Americans, it might have even brought faith. Just like any other work, this essay was composed of a rhetorical situation and rhetorical devices; which can be broken down into specific factorsRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By Johnathon Hennessey936 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Four Score and Seven Years Ago† is one of the most famously well-known statements in American History. This was the opening line to The Gettysburg Address given by Abraham Lincoln on November 9th in 1863. This speech was given during the Civil War, with the Unionists on one side and the Secessionists on the other. America was one of the very few countries in which slavery was still legal. The Unionists (northern states), were supporters of the United States federal government and wanted to abolishRead MoreEssay The Battle of Gettysburg1242 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg was the most important battle of the civil war. The Battle of Gettysburg would become the climatic conclusion for the Confederated that fought in the Civil War. What transpired in the three days of this battle has significantly influenced toda y’s society. Because of this battle, the Union gained their lead on the Confederate forces and won the civil war, which protected the county from falling apart and completing their ultimate goal. This goal was to preserve the UnionRead MoreEssay about President Abraham Lincoln1151 Words   |  5 Pagescollection, Lincoln led the country to unity following the civil war. His numerous speeches, such as the Gettysburg Address and his first inaugural speech, allowed him to voice his opinions and air his ideas to the American citizens. Lincoln persevered in his defense of the Union and abolition of slavery, and during the war, he never gave up hope of winning the war. In his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln addressed the soldiers who were still alive, persuading them to keep on fighting for the unityRead MoreAbraham Lincoln And The Civil War1095 Words   |  5 Pagesof the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. in dedicating the military cemetery at Gettysburg. In 1864 as Union military triumphs heralded an end to the war Lincoln won re-election. During the planning for peace, Lincoln was very reasonable, flexible, generous, encouraging Southerners to join speedily in reunion. His second Inaugural Address was what now inscribed on one wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C.: With malice toward none; with charityRead MoreRebuilding the Government: United States History1998 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Critical Essay One Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth president, was one of the most decorated commander-in-chiefs in American History, due to his never-ending push to mend our broken nation and move to the beginning. Nevertheless, many African Americans were forced to come to America to be sold into slavery in 1619. While the treatment of slaves was very unfair and, in many cases, inhumane, and was plagued with a lifetimeRead MoreCivil War And Its Greatest Moral, Constitutional, And Political Crisis1248 Words   |  5 Pagesidea, saying that he will suffer death before he consent ... to any concession or compromise, which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which they have a constitutional right. Lincoln directed his inaugural address to the South, proclaiming onceagain that he had no intention, or inclination, to abolish slavery in the Southern states. The President ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemiesRead MoreThe War Of Abraham Lincoln906 Words   |  4 PagesRepublican President. As the commander in chief the union army, Lincoln needed to bring an end to the war and reunite the nation. On November 19, 1863 Abraham Lincoln gave one of the most inspirational wartime speeches at the Gettysburg National Cemetery. The Gettysburg Address evoked a sense of unity into the American citizens and human equality, which was greatly needed at that time. Lincoln’s prerogative was to acknowledge the values our founding fathers had, honor the human sacrifices and remindRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Army3951 Words   |  16 Pagescommand of the Union forces. On June 29th, the newly appointed Commander ordered his army to pursue General Lee. They would later meet at Gettysburg. Gettysburg was a point of strategic importance, many roads concentrated there. An army could easily converge or diverge from this point. The day before the battle began, Confederate troops managed to reach Gettysburg before Union troops. They had taken up positions to the north west of town. Union troops arriving from the south of town sent scoutsRead MoreWhat Was The Civil War?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesof armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over slavery.† At the time of the Civil War Abraham Lincoln was serving as our president. One famous piece of literature to come out of the war was Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. So did men, women, or both serve in the war? The answer to that question is that both men and women fought side by side in the war. There were actually many ways that women contributed to the war. Furthermore, women were a substantial part

Evaluation Of Re Victimized Women s Profile - 1742 Words

The research points out to analyses of re-victimized women‘s profile, which are victims in more than one police procedure recorded in the WPS in the city of Santarà ©m, State of Parà ¡, Brazil, Their offender can be the same person who did it previously or another, usually with some familiarity or affective tie with the victim. Most of the women are in the age group of 18-24 years (27,00%), followed those aged 35-64 years (25,00%). Representing the total of 52% of the records, it is noticed that 5,00% of the cases involves adolescents and only 1,00% refers to older women (Figure 1). In this particular case, the youngest victim is 17 years and the oldest is 82 years old. These results lead to assert that there is no age limit to be subject to that form of violence, that is, a woman under 15 years or over 70 years, not so, regardless of their age (RAMOS, 2011, p. 184 ). An 82-year-old woman was the only elderly woman victim of domestic violence observed in the research period. She held two proceedings against her son. Nevertheless, there are records in local police stations which show she had already arrested her son in flagrant misconduct five times, in majority part of the cases in crimes related to physical assault and threats. The attacker usually passes a period stuck in the local prison, but when it is released, he returns to his family s house and attack the victim repeatedly. Figure 1: Percentage of Re-Victimized by Domestic Violence Women in Police Service SpecializingShow MoreRelatedSexual Assault of Children Essay2048 Words   |  9 Pagesthe total 826,000 child victims of maltreatment during that year had been sexually abused. Within this sexually abused group, 1.6 females and 0.4 males per 1,000 children had been identified as having been sexually abused. Children who had been victimized prior to the 1999 data collection period were nearly three times more likely to have another sexually abusive encounter during the first six months following their victimization when compared with children without a prior history of having beenRead MorePublic Policy Essay3740 Words   |  15 Pagesas to help fund civil commitments, and aims to coordinate federal, state and local efforts to vigorously investigate and prosecute crimes against children, including sexual assault, child pornography, and kidnapping. (Brown, 2009) Since the mid 1990’s, sex offenders policy in Georgia has become increasingly more punitive and restrictive. (Williams, 2011) Anyone convicted of a sex crime is required to register as a sex offender. 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This courseRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesDefense Equal Opportunity Management Institute †¢ 6–7, page 58 Off-post activities, on-post activities, and off-limit actions †¢ 6–8, page 59 Procedures for processing equal opportunity complaints †¢ 6–9, page 60 Housing complaints †¢ 6–10, page 60 Evaluation reports †¢ 6–11, page 60 Civilian schooling †¢ 6–12, page 60 Legal assistance †¢ 6–13, page 60 Equal Opportunity Action Plans †¢ 6–14, page 60 Training †¢ 6–15, page 61 Authority to collect and maintain data †¢ 6–16, page 62 Narrative and statisticalRead MoreA Case Study of International Brand Management: Comparison of Lexus Brand Management in Brazil, United States and Japan.39374 Words   |  158 PagesAdditionally, psychological benefits can be a powerful type of association and it will be more effective if it goes together with rational benefits. †¢ Relative price. In some category of products there are several price levels. D. Aaker says that the evaluation of a brand in the product categories will start by determining where it stands with respect to those price levels. †¢ †¢ †¢ Use/Application. Creating associations related to the use of application of the brand can contribute in the value creationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesBurden of Proof ............................................................................................. 175 Diverting Attention from the Issue ............................................................................................. 176 Re-defining the Issue ..................................................................................................................... 182 Covering Up the Reasons That Favor Your Opponent .........................................................Read MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pageswhom might have large positions in the stock. In recent years, this trend has been exacerbated by the pressure on equity research analysts to deliver investment banking business. When using a valuation done by a third party, the biases of the analyst(s) doing the valuation should be considered before decisions are made on its basis. For instance, a self-valuation done by a target firm in a takeover is likely to be positively biased. While this does not make the valuation worthless, it suggests that

Application of project management skills Free Essays

Management of any project requires the management and leadership skills for it to be successful. Projects are initiated to solve a specific problem which has been identified and they exist within a limited time frame. Most of the time, projects have to operate under the constraints of a limited budget and resources so they have to be completed to address the problems they were designed for. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of project management skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now   People initiate and implement projects and a lot of team work and good leadership is needed for their completion. When one works in an organization, there will always be a manager who is in charge to see that the goals and objectives of the organization are achieved. Managers, who are accountable to the owners, have to ensure that the objectives are fulfilled within a limited time and budget. Team work is very vital at work places and different individuals have to work harmoniously to achieve the goals and objectives similar to execution of projects (Landes, 2007). If anyone is in management at work they need to apply different types of leadership to address different problems that face the organization. It is crucial for the manager to have a good knowledge of the organization as it helps him in dealing with challenges that face it daily.   Managers provide leadership which concerns itself with influencing people in places of work to achieve certain things that are vital for the success of the organization. Problems that need to be solved daily in places of work are like projects since they require unique solutions which have to be executed within a span of time (Landes, 2007). When an organization comes up with its objectives and goals aimed at improving or boosting its performance specific tasks are distributed among the employees. Management in a places of work concerns it self with drafting a budget that is strictly followed to ensure its success.   Every task that is delegated to an employee has a strict deadline that must be observed. Management skills are very crucial in places of work as they ensure that the organization runs smoothly and there is no conflict. Like in projects people play a vital role in the achievement of all the goals and objectives of the organization. A lot of challenges are experienced when trying to manage people at work places and the relationship of those in the helm of leadership in an organization and the led is a key determinant of its failure or success. Leadership in places of work can motivate workers to achieve the goals that have been laid out within a limited span of time and within a certain budget. Management in places of work concerns itself with management of people, ensuring customers are satisfied, working with colleagues, and ensuring the creation of environments that are conducive for workers to give an excellent performance in the confines of a budget and on limited time superseding the expectations of stake holders (Landes, 2007). The applications of this module are very relevant in any place of work. There are many aspects in work places that need intensive attentions and a lot of planning to optimize the performance and the project management skills can be utilized in such instances. The management and leadership skills that see the completion of projects to satisfactory levels come in handy in work life when applied at all levels. People are vital in both work places and projects and they can lead to success or failure of either. Bibliography Landes, C. 2007, Project management skills in startups, retrieved on April 1, 2009, from https://www.startupnation.com/forums/3327/1/1/print How to cite Application of project management skills, Essays

Stress Management in the Hospitality Industry

Table of Contents Introduction The hospitality industry Stresses Experienced in the Hospitality Industry Signs of Stress in the Hospitality Industry How to Manage Stress Conclusion List of References Introduction Stress can be defined as the response the body makes in attempt to defend itself from either a real or an imagined threat. Normally, we are always faced with hassles, demands, disappointments, dissatisfaction as well deadlines in our lives (Worthington Britton 2006, p. 218).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the event of such aspects the body tries to bring its system to a balance by building adequate energy as well as staying alert to face any possibility of the threat happening. Nevertheless, stress is generated either from the external environment or within oneself. The environment always compels one to meet some targ ets or fulfill something that an individual feel a bit difficult. Subsequently, this forces an individual to either prevent the situation from happening or otherwise attempt to adapt to it. Sometimes avoiding the stressful situation does not form a solid solution in dealing with stress (CBI 2009, p. 126). However, avoidance of stressful environment as well as people has proved to bear fruitful solution in mitigating the level of stress one faces in his/her daily activities. Stress can as well be self-generated in a situation that a person might portray certain personalities that are not preferable in dealing with stressful environment. The effects of stress are diverse and in most cases, they can be portrayed either physically or emotionally. Emotional signs of stress include dizziness; use of drugs such as cocaine, looking drowsy, displeasure among others. Physically, one might become more vulnerable to a number of diseases such as heart problems, breathing problems, high risk of s troke among others (Hind Moss 2005, p. 109). The hospitality industry The service and hospitality industry is perhaps among the best performing industries. In particular, the hospitality industry deals in a number of services including accommodation, food and beverages, entertainment, tourism in addition to parking services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The industry boasts a large number of qualified and skillful employees (McBride 2000, p. 97). However, employees are expected to have empathy, welcoming as well as possessing friendly characteristics. It is obvious that an airhostess is expected to behave in manner that is pleasing to air travelers. Majorly, how the airline hostess handle its customers reflect the value and brand equity of such airline company. Subsequently, this tends to attract prospective customers while maintaining the existing customers because of th e superior services (Brown Hesketh 2004, p. 122). In general, employees working in hospitality industry experience countless interaction with the customers. In the middle of interaction, stresses often emanates due to the heavy workload employee is expected to handle. An employee will at most spend more hours working in an organization. This reduces the time an individual spend in relaxing with friends or family members. As a result, he/she will start losing the close links he/she had once shared with the relatives and friends. This sometimes led to marital problem bearing in mind that is fundamental for one to have humble time with the family. In this view, it has turned out essential to analyze various stresses facing employees working in the hospitality industry. It is as well imperative to discover approaches that may preferably be applied in the hospitality industry to curb the soaring rates of stresses (Kew Stredwick 2008, p. 77). Stresses Experienced in the Hospitality Indu stry With the acknowledgement of frequent interaction between the employees and customers in the hospitality industry, it will definitely strike in ones mind that many stresses are generated because of regular interaction. Employees in this industry in most cases deal directly with the customer. While serving the customer, the management requires that one portray high level of dignity as well as profession (Littleford, Halstead Mulraine 2004, p. 82). This has the ultimate purpose of attracting the customer next time he/she will be wishing to receive similar service.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management in the Hospitality Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since the target of the company is to make superior profits customer always become the focus of any organization. This behavior of the management leads to ignorance of the rights of employees and in many cases; they are not treated as requi red by law or trade unions. In order to optimize the value of the firm employees are forced to work for long hours. Sometimes workers are forced to relax for 8 hours while in a shift. To make the matter worse the employee is never compensated for the additional time. In cases where the employee fails to perform the management threatens he/she. This adds pressure on the employees to yield better performance as measured by the company standards (Bright Earl 2008, p. 87). However, it becomes difficult for the employee to measure up to the required standard. Such occurring is explained by tiredness, sickness or lack of motivation enhanced by furious employers who aim at superior performance of the firm while looking down upon the tribulations of the employees. It is clear that one is subjected to high levels of failing to think logically or otherwise work well if he/she is physically or psychologically exhausted. Brain is a very fundamental system in the human body and it needs time to rest just as vehicles do. The resting period allows the brain to enliven before beginning to work again. If the brain does not get sufficient, time to rejuvenate there is high likelihood of failing to work or think appropriately. Brain might stay awake and alert if one have adequate sleep or have enough time with friends and family. It is apparent that long working hours denies employees the chance of sharing some good time with the family and friends. Since individuals are brought up in an environment where they had much time with family and friends, it becomes tricky for one to change the trend and as a result, employees usually feel denied the chance to interact socially.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This could explain the problem of high levels of employees’ turnover experienced in hospitality industry (Fagan 2008, p. 11). Similarly, employees are deprived the opportunity to form informal groups in organizations. This force employee to have formal kind of interaction, which is quite strict, and at most it denies employees some degree of freedom. Lack of recognition or reward such as praise or promotion for working hard always lead to generation of stress and in many cases employees choose to work elsewhere. Unfair wages and salaries lead to stress, as employees perceive their service not fairly rewarded (Williams, Brown Hesketh 2006, p. 127). Underperformance by employees also causes stress since employees feel their service not corresponding to the set measurement as outlined by the management. Difficulties in communication commonly happening in the tourist industry are other key stress causing factors that require a long lasting solution. For instance, tourists from c ountries like Brazil have had communication problems with employees working at the tourist sites. Signs of Stress in the Hospitality Industry A number of signs associated with stress can easily be noticed in the hospitality industry. Due to frequent interaction with both the management team and the customers, an employee will hardly avoid stress from either the client or the manager. Many researches indicate elevated levels of stress in the service and hospitality industry. Among the signs of stress in the hospitality industry include high rate of employees turnover, decreasing level of performance by an employee, high number of employees quitting the job after participating in a short period of time, loosening of family ties, sickness, moodiness, mental illness, one recurrently feeling tired, sleepy among other physical and psychological signs (Horn 2009, p. 33). The sign always demonstrate itself at the point where an employee fails to suppress, prevent or control the stress. Cons equently, the employee will reveal the stress either emotionally or physically. A person who is stressed up will most of the time tend to have some alone time. He/she fears much interaction, as he/she is not able to communicate comfortably since the brain is working vigorously towards finding a solution to the pending problem. This denotes that much attention is given to the prevailing problem. Generally, this person will have his/her veins widened to increase the level of blood flow to the muscle as more energy is generated to increase the alertness and power to solve potential or existing problem (Burke 2005, p. 137). In many families, employee displays the character of being hounded by stress through consistent quietness and frustrations. The stressed person appears not to answer question whenever asked. When he/she responds then he/she responds in an unsatisfied way that aims at upsetting a person. Others will attempt to use addictive drugs such as bang and cocaine with an aim o f suppressing the stress. However, the stress persists and one may choose to use the drug for a long period without achieving solid solution for the problem. Some employees go to extend of exchanging painful words with their employers expecting to get rid of the stress (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008, p. 217). Large numbers of employees choose to quit the job and work somewhere else. It is evident that a good number of employees fail to adapt to the stressful environment and therefore develop health problems such as stroke and mental illness. On the rise of such effects, employees always underperform that employers endeavor to warn or threaten to sack them on the failure to deliver quality service as anticipated (De Wit Meyer 2004, p. 219). How to Manage Stress Both researchers and learning institutions advocated several ways of preventing stress. As it was earlier noted stress lead to dissatisfaction of the employee and consequently the organization surfer from the poor perfor mance displayed by an employee. The result sees an organization, which is not able to offer quality and value to its customers leading loss of profits to other superior companies at the market. Therefore, it becomes an imperative step for an organization to find ways of solving the problems leading to stress (Holden Hamblett 2007, p. 95) Firstly, an employer should allow the employee to work within a reasonable time that may not subject the employee to difficulties such tiredness and dizziness. In addition, the management team ought to give adequate and justified salaries that may directly reflect the service employee’s offer to the company. The management team should at most involve employees as regards to solving of the organization problem. This gives employees the opportunity of sharing their opinions and views regarding to what is perceived as stress and how it can be solved (Tee Corfield 2006, p. 162). For instance, employees working in a restaurant may find it wise f or the manager to increase the size of servers to attend to large number of customers. It also appears significant for the administration to reduce the workload to individuals by assigning a reasonable task which employer will handle effectively and without complaints (Holden Hamblett 2007, p.555). Conclusion Stress is particularly a major factor that individuals face in any environment. It may appear that avoiding stress is not possible bearing in mind that no environment lack stressors (Palmer Hartley 2009, p. 219). However, some stresses are said to benefit certain individuals as others find it risky or resulting to losses. Although stress is experienced in many sectors of the economy, it is no doubt that the likelihood of stress display hospitality industry is high. Such frequent occurrences in this sector can be explained by high levels of interaction between the employees and customer who keenly observes the quality of service organization offers. As a result, most managers choose to overwork employees with a view of satisfying their customers as well as maximizing the value and quality of the services offered by the firm. Regarding the contemporary issues facing the hospitality industry it may however turn out to be vital for management to device ways of controlling and preventing stress and its’ causes in an attempt to elevate the overall performance of the company (Lindgren Bandhold 2009, p. 157). List of References Bright, J Earl, J 2008, Brilliant CV: What employers want to see and how to say it, 3 Edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Harlow. Brown, P Hesketh, A 2004, The mismanagement of talent: Employability and jobs in the knowledge economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Burke, V 2005, Analyzing student perceptions of transferable skills via undergraduate degree programmes, Active Learning in Higher Education, vol.6, no.2, pp. 132-144. CBI 2009, Future Fit: preparing graduates for the world of work. Web. De Wit, B Meyer, R 2004, Strategy: Process, content and context, 3 Edn, Thomson, London. Fagan, A 2008, Brilliant job hunting: how to get the job you want, 2 Edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Harlow. Hind, D Moss, S 2005, Employability skills for students, Business Education Publishers Ltd, Sunderland. Holden, R Hamblett, J 2007, The transition from higher education into work: tales of cohesion and fragmentation, Education + Training, vol.49, no.7, pp. 516 – 585. Horn, R 2009, The business skills handbook, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Johnson, G, Scholes, K Whittington, R 2008, Exploring corporate strategy, 8 Edn, FT Prentice Hall, London. Kew, J Stredwick, J 2008, Business environment, 2 Edn, Chartered Institute of Personnel Development, Wimbledon. Lindgren, M Bandhold, H 2009, Scenario planning: the link between future and strategy, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Littleford, D, Halstead, J Mulraine, C 2004, Career skills: Opening doors into the job market, Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke. McBride, P 2000, CVs and applications, 3 Edn, Lifetime Careers, Trowbridge. Palmer, A Hartley, B 2009, The business environment, 6 Edn, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, London. Tee, R Corfield, R 2006, Successful interview skills: how to present yourself with confidence, 4 Edn, Kogan Page, London. Williams, D, Brown, P Hesketh, A 2006, How to get the best graduate job : insider strategies for success in the graduate job market, Prentice Hall Business, Harlow. Worthington, I Britton, C 2006, The business environment, 3 Edn, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow. This essay on Stress Management in the Hospitality Industry was written and submitted by user Hugo E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Annual Report of the Construction Industry of China Hong Kong 2007-2008 Essay Example

Annual Report of the Construction Industry of China Hong Kong 2007 Annual Report of the Construction Industry of China Hong Kong 2007-2008 Essay Annual Report of the Construction Industry of China Hong Kong 2007-2008 Essay An Annual Report of the Construction Industry of China Hong Kong 2007-2008 prepared by AsiaConstruct Team Research Centre for Construction and Real Estate Economics Hong Kong Polytechnic University (www. bre. polyu. edu. hk) for The 14th AsiaConstruct Conference 23rd – 24th October 2008 Tokyo, Japan. AsiaConstruct14 Team: Michael Anson1, YH Chiang2, Eddie CM Hui2, Patrick TI Lam 2, Stephen WK Mak2, HY Ng2 and Eva XT Yin2, 1 Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Construction and Land Use, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. 2 Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. About the Research Centre for Construction and Real Estate Economics (RCCREE): The RCCREE is the Hong Kong Polytechnic University Centre for solution oriented research and consultancy in construction and real estate economics. It undertakes internationally relevant multi-disciplinary research that supports the advancement of the construction and real estate industries in the following areas: Economic Policy and Institutional Analysis, Real Estate Economics, Construction Economics, Housing, Human Behaviour in Economic Decision making, and Value Management and Facilities Performance. For further information, please contact Professor Francis K. W. Wong, Director of RCCREE ([emailprotected] edu. hk) or Professor Eddie C. M. Hui, Deputy Director ([emailprotected] edu. hk). October 2008 1 COUNTRY REPORT [As at October 2008, ? 1,000 = HK$ 73. 14; HK$1 = ? 13. 67; US$ 1 = HK$ 7. 76] 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Hong Kong enjoyed a high growth rate in GDP in 2007 (6. 4%), with a per capita GDP of US$29,914. While the service sector saw the highest growth (7. 4%), the growth rate of the construction sector was 0. 4%. The construction sector recorded a positive growth rate since 1997. The Economics outlook for the first half of 2008 was still optimistic. However, the consequences following the collapse of the property market in US, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the bail out of other financial institutions (e. g. AIG, Freddie Mae and Fannie Mae) by the US government, together with the slump of the stock markets, people are becoming pessimistic towards the latter half of 20 08 and next year. While the slowdown in growth of advanced economies in Europe and the US will have some impact on the economies of emerging markets and the Mainland, the sustained rapid economic growth of the Mainland and its increasingly intensified economic integration with Hong Kong will to a limited extent help the economic development and cushion the impact of the slowdown on Hong Kong. With respect to the labour market, the unemployment rate has hit an all-time low at around 4%. The unemployment rate of construction sector kept decreasing in these consecutive as there were more job vacancies created by the major projects, e. g. Hong Kong West and Tsuen Wan drainage tunnel, rebuilt the Lo Wu Correctional Institution etc. Construction Cost has picked up after it hit a bottom in 2003. It is more or less in parity of 1997 when the construction cost was at its peak. The high construction cost can be reflected from the increase in construction materials. The prices of major construction materials such as hardwood and steel products have risen by as much as 50% over 4 years. While there was no published wages for construction workers, the wages have not risen in par with the rise in living standard as reflected from the many demonstrations of the construction workers and 40-day strike by the bar benders in Hong Kong, which has led to a near stand-still of the construction industry. The salaries of ATPC have risen by an average of 9-13% over 2 years, with the exception of project managers and safety officers. There is no institutional or legal entry barrier to the construction market in Hong Kong. Foreign firms are required to fulfil the same set of criteria as local firms to get listed with the authority. Hence, the import of construction services does not appear to be very active and has consistently stayed at less than 4% of the total construction volume. Most of the import and export services are carried out within the Asian region, with the Chinese Mainland taking the highest percentage. The major services were project management, contracting and engineering consulting. Export of construction services to regions outside Asia is negligible. The outlook of the construction industry looks promising in the next 10-15 years as the government has outlined a series of infrastructural projects, many of which are cross-border such as the bridge linking Hong Kong, Macau and Zhuhai. It is envisaged at least HK$250 billion public money will be spent and 250,000 job vacancies will be created. The extent to which these projects will benefit the construction labour market remains to be seen. 2 2. 2. 1 MACRO ECONOMIC REVIEW AND OUTLOOK MAIN MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 2000 2001 1,131,880 1,299,218 0. 5 1,177 1. 4 59,760 -11. 7 1,076,998 -0. 2 57,167 -7. 9 2002 2003 GDP and Components 1,152,718 1,277,314 1. 8 1,138 -3. 3 51,396 -14. 0 1,079,476 0. 2 51,534 1,187,369 1,234,761 3 940 -17. 4 44,403 -13. 6 1,062,714 -1. 5 44,910 40,376 -10. 1 6,797,700 0. 5 3,515,900 1. 3 6. 8 2004 1,287,900 1,291,923 8. 5 958 1. 9 44,455 0. 1 1,119,304 2005 1,139,110 1,382,590 7. 1 947 -1. 1 45,547 2. 5 1,207,873 7. 9 38,538 -4. 6 6,837,800 0. 6 3,538,100 0. 6 5. 6 2006 1,475,910 1,475,910 7 942 -0. 5 45,761 0. 4 1,297,545 7. 4 38,688 0. 04 6,909,500 1. 0 3,581,400 1. 2 4. 8 2007 1,569,890 1,616,215 6. 4 n. a. n,a, n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. a. n. . 6,963,100 0. 8 3,640,500 1. 6 4 GDP in chained(2006) dollars (HK$ million) GDP at current market price (HK$ million) GDP growth (%) Primary sector (HK$ million) % growth Manufacturing sector (HK$ million) % growth Services sector (HK$ million) % growth Construction sector (HK$ million) % growth Population Population growth rate (%) Total labour force Labour force growth rate (%) Unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted) Changes in consumer price index (%) Changes in GDP deflator (%) Short term interest rate* (%) Long term interest rate**(%) Annual average exchange rate with $US (HK$) ,126,279 1,317,650 8 1,161 -21. 4 67,646 6. 8 1,077,256 4. 7 62,054 -5. 3 6,711,500 1. 1 3,374,200 1. 6 4. 9 -9. 9 -12. 9 Demographic Indicators 6,730,300 6,725,800 6,764,200 0. 3 -0. 1 0. 6 3,425,900 3,474,0 00 3,472,500 1. 5 5. 1 1. 4 7. 3 0 7. 9 Financial Indicators -3. 8 -3. 6 6. 21 7. 48 7. 791 -1. 6 -1. 9 3. 45 6. 37 7. 799 -3. 0 -3. 5 1. 60 5. 40 7. 799 -2. 6 -6. 2 0. 81 3. 93 7. 787 -0. 4 -3. 5 0. 25 4. 59 7. 788 1. 0 -0. 1 2. 88 3. 55 7. 777 2. 0 0. 3 4. 05 4. 83 7. 768 2. 0 3 2. 33 3. 58 7. 803 Notes n. a. data not available * yield of 91-day Exchange Fund Bills (mid-year) **yield of 10-year Exchange Fund Notes (mid-year) Sources: GDP, Demographic and Financial Indicators: Government of the HKSAR web-page at censtatd. gov. hk/hong_kong_statistics Short and long term interest rates: Monthly Statistical Bulletin, Hong Kong Monetary Authority. Table 2. 1 – Macro-Economic Indicators 3 2. 1. 1 Overview of National Economy According to the Economic Analysis and Business Facilitation Unit (2007) of the Hong Kong Government, growth in GDP was 6. 4% in 2007. The years of 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 marked the largest growth in any four consecutive years since 1988. GDP per capita was HK$215,006 (US$27,565), which represented a 5. 9% year-on-year growth rate. The growth rate of the services sector was the highest (7. 4%) among all sectors. The growth rate of the construction sector was 0. 04% in 2007. The construction sector recorded a position growth rate since 1997. The reviving economic performance was greatly attributed to the steady global economic growth and Mainland’s policies in favour of Hong Kong, such as the Closer Economic Partnership and Individual Travel Policy. Stock prices and market turnover surged to a high record in October 2007, before the global financial market turbulence affected which caused some pull-back. The property market improved distinctly further, especially in the latter part of 2007, with a marked pick up in both sale prices and transactions under a favourable interest rate environment and the persistent strength in the economy. The labour market improved due to the sustained economic expansion. The unemployment rate fell to 4% and the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate fell to 3. 4% in the fourth quarter of 2007, which was the lowest in almost 10 years. The consumer price index only increased 2%, which suggested a moderate inflation in 2007, although there was significant increase of imported foodstuffs and consumer goods due to the weakening purchase power of Hong Kong dollars and the global food inflation. 2. 2. 2 Economy off First Half of 2008 Hong Kong’s economy continued to experience a substantial growth rate in the first half of 2008. The real GDP increased by 7. 1% compared with a year earlier. According to the First Quarter Economic Report 2008, the economy extended the run of distinctly above-trend growth to 18 quarters. The performance of the financial sector was particularly spectacular, a manifestation of the significant benefits brought about by the financial integration between the Mainland and Hong Kong. Although there was a global credit market turmoil caused by the US sub-prime mortgage problem, the Hong Kong economy still held up well in recent period with our motherland’s economy growing robustly. By the vibrant performance of Mainland and other emerging economies and the further expansion of the EU market, there was a further notable growth of 8. 3% in real terms in the first quarter. The exports of services also grew rapidly further by 10. % in real terms on the back of a continued surge in financial services. According to The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008 released by the World Economic Forum, Hong Kong ranked the top in the Enabling Trade Index ranking. Domestic demand continued to display strength and inflation remained mild. The labour market continued to improve with the un employment rate reached record low at 3. 4% since mid1998. 4 3. 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CONSTRUCTION INVESTMENTS The total gross value of construction works performed by main contractors increased by 8% in nominal terms, from a year earlier, to HK$48. billion in the first 2 quarters of 2008. After discounting price changes, the total gross value of construction work performed by main contractors increased by 5. 1% in real terms over the same period. Analysed by type of construction work, the gross value of construction work performed at private sector sites totalled HK$93 billion in 2007, up by 2. 9% in nominal terms from a year earlier. The increase was mainly associated with the progressive stepping up of works at some large commercial building sites. The gross value of construction work performed at public sector sites decreased by 3. 9% in nominal terms from a year earlier to HK$7. 6 billion in the 2 quarters of 2008. The decrease was mainly due to completion of works on some large transportation projects. The outlook for the next years and thereafter is promising as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong has outlined 10 major investment plans including: 1. South Island Line 2. Shatin to Central Link 3. Tuen Mun Western Bypass and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link 4. Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Link 5. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge 6. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Airport Co-operation 7. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Joint Development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop 8. West Kowloon Cultural District 9. Kai Tak Development Plan 10. New Development Areas (NDAs) It is envisaged that over HK$250 billion will be invested in the next decade. These projects are estimated to bring more than $100 billion added value annually from the commissioning to mature stage. And, about 250,000 additional jobs would be created by these projects. Type of Investment (HK$ Million) Private Sector Public Sector Repair and Maintenance Total 2003 35,187 32,378 31,468 99,032 2004 28,021 28,533 36,618 93,171 2005 26,356 22,334 42,160 90,851 2006 24,855 17,135 48,240 90,230 2007 28,973 14,503 49,390 92,866 2008-10 (Q1-Q2) 16,113 7,563 25,181 48,856 Table 3. 1 Construction Investment by Sector (in nominal terms) 5 3. 2 CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES The latest published statistics from the Census and Statistics Department shows that the number of establishments engaged in building and civil engineering industries is 19,057 as of 2006 whereas the number of persons directly engaged in these industries is135,337. The following table shows the three year trend from 2003 to 2006. 2003 Number of Establishments Number of Persons directly engaged 19,520 124,933 2004 18,302 122,077 2005 17,985 122,870 2006 19,057 135,337 Table 3. 2 – Number of establishments, and of persons directly engaged 3. 3 3. 3. 1 EMPLOYEES AND CONSTRUCTION LABOR (NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION WORKERS BY JOB TYPE) Principal Jobs Job Levels Professional/Technologist Technician Skilled Semi-Skilled worker General Worker Total May 2007 16 012 27 002 34 822 12 881 90 717 Source: Manpower Survey Reports on the Building and Civil Engineering Industry, Building and Civil Engineering Industry Training Board, Vocational Training Council, bi-annual issue of 2006. Table 3. 3. 1 Number of workers employed in principal jobs of construction, building and civil engineering and related disciplines 6 3. 3. 2 Persons in Establishments 2003 3 932 31 694 9 471 21 856 57 982 124 933 2004 4 341 (10. 4%) 28 478 (-10. 1%) 6 305 (-33. 4%) 25 117 (14. 9%) 57 836 (-0. 3%) 122 077 (-2. 3%) 2005 2 004 (-53. 8%) 29 786 (4. 6%) 7 274 (15. 4%) 21 282 (-15. 3%) 62 524 (8. 1%) 122 870 (0. 6%) 2006 1790 (-10. 7%) 29 976 (-9. 4%) 9 746 (34%) 24 688 (16%) 72 137 (15. 4%) 135 337 (10. 1%) Main industry group New construction works – Pre-erection works at construction sites New construction works – Architectural and civil engineering works at construction sites New construction works – Miscellaneous new construction works Decoration, repair and maintenance Special Trades – Erection and general finishing, electrical and mechanical fitting, gas and water fitting and miscellaneous All construction activities Source: The Report on 2006 Annual Survey of Building, Construction and Real Estate Sectors, The Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Table 3. 3. 2 Number of persons directly engaged in the building and civil engineering establishments 3. 3. 3 Site Workers The following table reveals that the number of manual workers engaged at construction sites has been decreasing over time in Hong Kong. The phenomenon of reduction of manual workers is twofold: 1) advanced technology or technique greatly simplifies the construction process and reduce the number of people directly required; and 2) the number of construction projects, no matter in the private or public sector, has been dwindling year by year. Year 2008 2007 Qtr 1 1 2 3 4 Public 18965 20569 19232 18762 18521 20014 20485 19569 21147 22586 24306 26454 28704 25525 26668 27824 26034 % change 2. 4% -2. 77% -6. 5% -2. 44% -1. 3% -2. 30% 4. 68% -7. 46% -6. 37% -7. 08% -8. 12% -7. 84% 12. 45% -4. 29% -4. 15% 6. 88% -0. 88% Private 31576 29797 31866 30411 31582 30990 32801 32704 33750 31870 32540 33547 37057 33426 35814 38741 36727 % change Building % change Civil Engg. % c hange 0. 01% -3. 85% 6. 9% -4. 57% 3. 85% -5. 52% 0. 30% -3. 10% 5. 90% -2. 06% -3. 0% -9. 47% 10. 86% -6. 67% -7. 56% 5. 48% 2. 27% 38410 36517 37667 36133 37712 36406 38849 38819 40468 38769 41250 41293 45449 39097 42830 47081 45428 1. 85% 0. 30% 3. 15% -4. 07% 4. 37% -6. 29% 0. 08% -4. 07% 4. 38% -6. 01% -0. 10% -9. 14% 16. 25% -8. 72% -9. 03% 3. 64% 2. 90% 12131 13849 13431 13040 12391 14598 14437 13454 14429 15687 15596 18708 20312 19854 19652 19484 17333 -2. 1% -5. 13% -3. 02% -2. 91% -4. 98% 1. 12% 7. 31% -6. 76% -8. 02% 0. 58% -16. 63% -7. 90% 2. 31% 1. 03% 0. 86% 12. 41% -3. 87% Total 50541 50366 51098 49173 50103 51004 53286 52273 54897 54456 56846 60001 65761 58951 62482 66565 62761 % change 0. 87% -1. 25% 1. 45% -3. 77% 1. 89% -4. 28% 1. 94% -4. 78% 0. 81% -4. 20% -5. 26% -8. 76% 11. 55% -5. 65% -6. 13% 6. 06% 0. 94% 2006 1 2 3 4 2005 1 2 3 4 2004 1 2 3 4 Source: The Quarterly Report of Employment and Vacancies at Construction Sites, The Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Table 3. 3. 3 Number of Manual Workers engaged at Construction Sites (analyzed by sector and type of project) 3. 3. 4 Unemployment rate of Construction Sector 2005 Unemployed (Thousands) Unemployment rate (%) 39 12. 9 2006 33. 8 11. 2 2007 25. 1 8. 3 2008Q1 21. 3 7. 5 Source: Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, The Census and statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Table 3. 3. 4 – Unemployed and Unemployment Rate of the Construction Sector The unemployment rate of construction sector was 7. 5% in the first quarter of 2008. More job vacancies were created by the major projects, e. g. Hong Kong West and Tsuen Wan drainage tunnel, the Lo Wu Correctional Institution, an extension block at the Prince of Wales Hospital etc. Although the unemployment kept decreasing in these consecutive years, the employment rate in the construction sector caused considerable concerns. 3. 4 3. 4. 1 PRODUCTIVITY Value-added per Employee Effective cost control increases the efficiency of each unit of resources engaged. The fairly remarkable observations are the positive figures of the value-added per construction workers in 2004 , 2005 and 2006, as shown in the following table. Main industry group New construction works – Pre-erection works at construction sites New construction works – Architectural and civil engineering works at construction sites New construction works – Miscellaneous new construction works Decoration, repair and maintenance Special Trades – Erection and general finishing, electrical and mechanical fitting, gas and water fitting and miscellaneous All construction activities 2004 41% 19% 37% 28% 36% 26% 2005 28% 21% 33% 28% 36% 28% 2006 26% 21% 30% 28% 43% 29% Source: The Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Table 3. 4. 1 Value added as percentage of gross output for all building and civil engineering establishments: 9 3. 4. 2 Physical Measurement of Construction Production (Unit: `000 sq. m. *) End use of building Private residential premises+ Office buildings Hotels and boarding houses Multi-purpose commercial premises Total 2003 9 563 596 590 1 385 12 646 2004 8 169 (-14. 6%) ** (**) 654 (10. 8%) 1 471 (6. 2%) 10 964 (-13. 3%) 2005 6 591 (-19. 3%) ** (**) 794 (21. 4%) 1 303 (-11. 4%) 9 502 (-13. 3%) 2006 6 068 (-7. 9%) 945 587 (-26. 1%) 890 (-31. 7%) 8 624 (-9. 2%) * Area (sq. ) refers to gross floor area of buildings when completed. + Includes buildings purely for residential purpose and combined residential and nonresidential buildings. Source: The Report on 2005 Annual Survey of Building, Construction and Real Estate Sectors, The Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Table 3. 4. 2 Physical Measurement of Construction Production 10 3. 5. 3. 5. 1 CONSTRUCTION COST Unit Construction Cost Construction costs are compiled from average fixed price competitive tenders published by Davis Landon Seah, a leading cost consultancy firm in Hong Kong. After the peak in 1997, construction costs fell for 6 consecutive years until they reached the bottom in 2003, when Hong Kong was hit by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Afterwards, costs have gradually picked up following the recovery of the property and construction markets. The latest figures for 2008Q1 show that construction costs are now almost as well as they were in 1997. Indeed, 5-Star hotels cost more to build than they were in 1997, probably due to the diversion of resources to the hotel construction boom in Macau. Residential (High-Rise) Standard Luxurious 8,000-8,500 8,500-10,000 9,000-9,500 9,500-12,500 11,000-12,000 11,500-15,000 10,000-11,000 11,000-13,500 9,800-10,700 10,800-13,200 9,300-10,000 10,500-12,800 9,100-9,800 10,300-12,600 8,500-9,000 9,800-11,700 7,600-8,200 9,000-10,800 7,850-8,450 9,250-11,050 8,300-8,900 9,750-11,600 8,750-9,350 10,350-12,300 9,050-9,650, 10,650-12,700 9,450-10,100 11,100-13,250 10,100-10,800 11,800-14,100 10,000-10,700 11,700-14,000 10,600-11,400 12,550-14,850 Commercial office Standard Prestige 8,500-9,500 12,000 up 9,500-10,700 13,000 up 11,550-13,500 15,500 up 10,500-12,500 14,300 up 10,300-12,100 13,800 up 9,700-11,500 13,500 up 9,700-11,500 13,500 up 9,500-11,200 13,500 up 9,000-10,600 12,300 up 9,300-10,900 12,700 up 9,750-11,450 13,300 up 10,550-12,350 14,300 up 10,850-12,750 14,800 up 11,350-13,350 15,550 up 12,100-14,250 16,600 up 12,000-14,100 16,400 up 12,850-15,000 17,400 up (Unit: HK$/m2 CFA*) Industrial Hotel Light Heavy 5-Star 4,800-5,000 5, 300-6,300 14,000 up 5,400-5,700 6,100-7,200 16,000 up 6,500-7,000 7,100-8,500 19,500 up 5,600-6,200 6,300-7,500 18,000 up 5,500-6,100 6,200-7,100 17,500 up 5,500-6,000 6,000-6,900 17,500 up 5,500-6,000 6,000-6,800 17,500 up 5,400-5,800 5,900-6,600 17,200 up 4,900-5,500 5,300-6,100 16,300 up 5,250-5,850 5,650-6,450 16,700 up 5,550-6,150 5,950-6,800 17,500 up 5,900-6,550 6,350-7,250 18,700 up 6,100-6,750 6,550-7,450 19,250 up 6,400-7,100 6,900-7,850 20,200 up 6,800-7,600 7,350-8,400 21,500 up 6,750-7,500 7,250-8,300 21,300 up 7,350-8,150 7,900-9000 22,450 up 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2008Q1 * The costs per square metre are based on Construction Floor Areas measured to the outside face of the external walls/ external perimeter including lift shafts, stairwells, balconies, plant rooms, water tanks and the like. The cost excludes site formation works, external works, land cost, professional fees, finance and legal expenses. 1995-2006 based on Quarterly data in Q4. 2007 Q1 is first quarter data and 2007 Q2 is second quarter data. Source: 1995-2004 Current building cost information data in Hong Kong. Davis Langdon Seah International. 2005-2007 Quarterly construction cost review, Hong Kong. Davis Langdon Seah. Table 3. 5. 1 – Unit Construction Costs 11 3. 5. 2 Average Wholesale Prices of Selected Building Materials As the general upward trend of construction costs shown in Section 5. 2 would foretell, costs of major building materials have been rising in the last 5 years. As the following table shows, some key materials, such as bitumen, diesel fuel for industrial use, sawn hardwood, homogeneous nonslip floor tiles, galvanised mild steel angles and steel plates, metal formwork, sand, mild steel round bars, high tensile steel bars and sawn hardwood timber formwork, have their latest unit costs increased by more than 50% when compared to 2004. The increasing trend of the costs of building materials is due to the inflation and the appreciation of Renminbi as most of the construction materials in Hong Kong are imported from China. This upsurge in material prices is believed to be more attributable to the general increase in prices of commodities around the globe recently, than to the slow recovery of the construction market in Hong Kong. 004 Aggregates (HK$ per tonne) Bitumen (HK$ per tonne) Concrete blocks, 100mm thick For industrial use (light) ($ per 200-litre drum) Diesel fuel For road use (HK$ per 100 litre) Glass Clear sheet glass, 5mm thick (HK$ p er square metre) White tiles, 108mm*108mm Glazed ceramic wall tiles Colour tiles, 200mm*200mm Sawn hardwood, 50*75 Hardwood mm column Non-slip tile, Homogeneous floor tiles 200mm*200mm Steel plates (HK$ per tonne) Steel angles Galvanised mild steel (HK$ per tonne) Steel flats (HK$ per tonne) Steel plate, 4mm thick Metal formwork (HK$ per tonne) Unglazed tiles, 18mm*18mm Glass tiles, 25mm*25mm Mosaic tiles ($ per square metre) Glazed tiles, 45mm*45mm Emulsion paint (HK$ per litre) Paint Acrylic paint (HK$ per litre) Portland cement (ordinary) (HK$ per tonne) 40 3800 45 1108 664 81 66 187 2284 69 6283 6203 6609 4438 52 25 58 32 34 491 2005 38 4200 42 1320 770 81 63 192 3072 72 6674 6568 7212 4881 44 27 55 35 35 511 2006 38 5400 42 1568 886 81 69 203 3218 86 6771 7404 9772 4588 37 22 58 35 34 517 2007 40 5400 43 1572 874 87 77 221 3474 98 7629 10047 8541 5059 47 27 61 35 34 516 March 2008 44 6467 57 1964 990 97 91 260 3607 131 10021 14713 9756 6979 50 29 73 37 36 524 12 Sand (HK$ per t onne) Mild steel round bars, 6mm to 20mm Steel reinforcement High tensile steel bars, 10mm to 40mm Plywood, formwork, 19mm thick Timber formwork Sawn hardwood, 25mm thick plank 20mm diameter pipes, uPVC lined GMS pipes 5. 5 long 32mm diameter pipes, uPVC pipes 4m long (HK$ per Note 1: Note 2: Source: 25 3815 3668 60 1504 166 42 27 4101 3764 67 2140 170 40 34 4237 3877 61 2023 170 41 56 5275 5183 64 2452 166 39 58 7896 8406 64 2666 n. a. 42 Prices from January 2005 onwards are not directly comparable to those published which included delivery charges. Prices are based on June data from 2004 to 2007 and in Hong Kong dollars. Average Wholesale Prices of Selected Building Materials, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Contact person: Miss Kwan, Telephone: 852-2805-6413). Web-site: censtatd. gov. hk (Products and Services Publications Commerce and Industry Average Wholesale Prices of Selected Building Materials). Table 3. 5. 2 Average Wholesale Prices of Selected Building Materials 3. 5. 3 Average Sectoral Wages per Month There is no data on the average monthly sectoral wages for the construction industry. In the following table, the FIRE (financing, insurance, real estate and business services) is used instead for comparison with the manufacturing and personal services sectors. 13 Unit: HK$ per month) Financing, insurance, real estate and business services 2001 Sept 2001 Dec 2002 Mar 2002 June 2002 Sept 2002 Dec 2003 Mar 2003 June 2003 Sept 2003 Dec 2004 Mar 2004 June 2004 Sept 2004 Dec 2005 Mar 2005 June 2005 Sept 2005 Dec 2006 Mar 2006 June 2006 Sept 2006 Dec 20 07 Mar 2007 June 2007 Sept 2007 Dec 10896 11845 10544 10557 10627 10564 10561 10985 10574 10446 10028 9918 9605 9786 9996 9472 9722 10039 10055 9946 10222 10702 10987 11430 11228 11155 Manufacturing 12175 12106 11837 11922 12243 11769 11433 11405 11648 11566 11548 11794 11173 11483 11486 12054 11254 11663 11867 11912 12079 12050 12003 11767 11828 11917 Personal services 6336 6183 6225 6247 6148 6089 6051 5971 5983 5897 5809 6033 6338 6071 5993 5917 5852 5963 5859 6021 6018 6120 6314 6521 6699 6746 Note 1: The average sectoral wages are extracted from the table of â€Å"Average Wage Rates by Industry Sector, Broad Occupational Group†. Note 2: All the average monthly salaries are extracted from â€Å"Supervisory, technical, lerical and miscellaneous non-production workers† sections under the FIRE, Manufacturing and Personal services groups. Source: Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, The Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Table 3. 5. 3 Average Sectoral Wages Per Month 3. 5. 4 Construction Industry Salaries and Wages –Technicians and Unskilled Workers Whilst the material costs have been generally on their rising trend, the average monthly salary of technicians and the average daily wage of unskilled workers in the construction industry have not recovered to their levels in 2003. This lends further support to the argument in Section 5. that material cost increase has more to do with the global price increase in commodities than to the slow recovery of the home construction sector. 14 2003 June 2004 June 2005 June 2006 June 2007 June 2008 April n. a. : data not available Technicians Monthly Salary (HK$) 10985 9918 9472 9946 n. a. 11318 Unskilled Workers Daily Wage (HK$) 601. 1 584. 9 571. 7 565. 9 569. 9 570. 8 Unskilled Workers Daily Wage is extracted from â€Å"Average Daily Wages of Workers Engaged in Public Sector Construction Projects†. Figures are based on the data from â€Å"General Wo rkers†, which include labourers, excavators, concretors labourers, bricklayers labourers, plasterers labourers, heavy load labourers and drivers linesmen. Technicians Monthly Salary are extracted from â€Å"The Supervisory, technical, clerical and miscellaneous non-production workers section† of the â€Å"Average Wage Rates by Industry Sector Financing, insurance, real estate and business services† Sources: (for unskilled workers’ daily wage) Average Daily Wages of Workers Engaged in Public Sector Construction Projects. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Contact person: Miss Lam, Telephone: 852-2887-5207). (for technicians’ monthly salary) Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Various issues. Table 3. 5. 4 Construction Industry Salaries And Wages – Technicians and Unskilled Workers 3. 5. 5 Construction Industry Salaries and Wages – Construction Professionals There were some wage increases for certain professionals, but in no way comparable with that of material prices. Between 2004 and 2007, only architects, electrical engineer and personnel manager/ human resources manager/ staff relations manager working in the industry have registered above 20% growth. Their monthly wages increased by 28. 3% over two years for the architects, by 24. 5% for the electrical engineer and by 31. 7% for the last. Administration officer/ executive officer, civil engineer and mechanical engineer also enjoyed a double digit growth in their salaries over the same 2-year period, which were 13. 4%, 14. 6% and 14. 2% separately, and followed by 5. 3% for building services engineers,7. 6% for safety officer and 3. 9% for I. T. / computer manager. Meanwhile, there was a reduction of 13. 8% for financial manager/accounting manager, 7. 5% project manager and 6. 7% for structural engineer. 15 (Unit: Median monthly salary in HK$) Professionals in Building and construction and related trades Accountant Administrative Officer / Executive Officer Architect Administration Manager/ Company Secretary/ Office Manager Building Services Engineer Civil Engineer Electrical Engineer Financial Manager/ Accounting Manager I. T. / Computer Manager Mechanical Engineer Personnel Manager/ Human Resources Manager/ Staff Relations Manager Project Manager Quantity Surveyor Safety Officer Structural Engineer n. a. data not available Source: Report of Salaries and Employee Benefits Statistics, Managerial and Professional Employees (Excluding Top Management), Wages and Labour Costs Statistics Section, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Web-site: censtatd. gov. hk (Hong Kong statistic- Statistical Tables-Subject-La bour Table 029). 2004 June 26900 14900 38500 23500 28500 28700 30200 n. a. n. a. 33200 n. a. 52200 28800 31600 26800 2005 June 22900 16900 41600 n. a. 29300 28000 30700 54500 n. a. 31900 n. a. 50900 28700 29800 21000 2006 June 26900 16900 42600 25600 30800 30900 32700 44600 35800 33800 35000 51300 29300 30300 27500 2007 June 30200 n. a. 49400 n. a. 30000 32900 37600 47000 37200 37900 46100 48300 28900 29200 25000 Table 5. 5 Construction Industry Salaries And Wages – Construction Professionals 3. . 6 Construction Industry Salaries and Wages – Skilled Workers The slow recovery of the construction industry seems to have benefited, if only marginally, some senior managers, architects and engineers only. Of all the 32 categories of workers listed below, only 1 of them had their average daily wages increased over 5 years. Only structural steel welders had the positive growth. However, the growth rate was 3. 5% over 5 years. The remaining 31 categories of skilled workers ha ve seen their wages go down by 4. 5% to 36. 5%. The hardest hit are the building services maintenance mechanics. Their average daily wages dipped by 36. 5% over 5 years. The categories of workers that suffered double-digit wage reduction over 5 years include nearly all the major trades: concretors, bricklayers, drainlayers, mason, bar benders and fixers, metal worker structural steel erectors, riggers/metal formwork erectors, formwork carpenters, joiners, plumbers, construction plant mechanics, rock-breaking drillers, asphalter, bamboo, plasterers, painters and decorators, leveller, marble workers, electrical fitter, mechanical fitters, refrigeration/AC/ventilation mechanic, fire services mechanic, lift and escalator mechanic and power cable jointer. It seems that the construction boom in Macau has not benefited much local construction workers. 16 Concretor Bricklayer Drainlayer Mason Bar bender and fixer Metal worker General welder Structural steel erector Structural steel welder Rigger/metal formwork erector Carpenter (formwork) Joiner Plumber Construction plant echanic Plant equipment operator (load shifting) Truck driver Rock-breaking driller As phalter (road construction) Bamboo scaffolder Diver Plasterer Glazier Painter and decorator Leveller Marble worker Electrical fitter (incl. electrician) Mechanical fitter Refrigeration/AC/ventilation mechanic Fire services mechanic Lift and escalator mechanic Building services maintenance mechanic Power cable jointer 2003 June 1072. 4 971. 9 955. 6 903. 7 1297. 4 890. 4 848. 9 1063. 1 879. 7 980. 7 1254. 0 1059. 2 986. 8 859. 8 809. 2 653. 1 889. 8 876. 6 1164. 6 1725. 2 976. 1 895. 5 907. 7 771. 0 1132. 7 794. 6 764. 2 675. 9 797. 6 769. 1 987. 2 575. 0 2004 June 1026. 3 961. 3 927. 5 849. 9 1225. 4 853. 1 790. 1 966. 2 939. 0 810. 4 1146. 9 1029. 4 933. 8 802. 7 784. 4 604. 6 821. 0 715. 3 1077. 3 1596. 4 934. 9 843. 2 878. 4 757. 9 1003. 2 763. 7 752. 685. 1 762. 7 785. 7 728. 9 725. 6 (Unit: Average daily wage in HK$) 2005 June 2006 June 2007 June 923. 5 940. 3 948. 2 886. 3 840. 1 841. 3 874. 7 861. 9 826. 5 853. 2 933. 6 925. 2 1159. 6 1154. 0 1142. 9 840. 9 822. 3 914. 2 783. 7 786. 6 778. 3 961. 8 884. 8 847. 5 946. 2 920. 2 970. 7 724. 1 777. 7 843. 4 1073. 7 1076. 9 993. 1 982. 1 953. 9 926. 7 903. 3 836. 8 798. 8 807. 6 816. 5 774. 3 765. 6 767. 0 761. 6 572. 5 613. 1 591. 7 851. 2 781. 7 774. 3 783. 9 756. 9 913. 9 1089. 1 1108. 3 1076. 7 1687. 4 1543. 3 1821. 1 883. 3 890. 3 829. 6 878. 2 770. 0 751. 9 853. 6 791. 2 753. 0 700. 3 726. 7 715. 4 969. 2 826. 1 866. 6 742. 0 715. 1 727. 705. 1 589. 1 666. 0 659. 3 595. 4 638. 4 758. 2 737. 8 788. 6 820. 8 815. 7 804. 5 852. 9 743. 7 537. 5 831. 3 600. 0 600. 0 2008 Mar 932. 8 816. 1 814. 7 714. 6 1067. 4 775. 2 783. 6 897. 7 911. 1 829. 9 986. 9 868 784 724. 6 737. 7 602. 6 796. 6 679. 2 1033. 5 1647. 8 802. 8 811. 7 740. 6 686. 2 942. 4 678. 8 683. 8 591. 4 710 655. 1 626. 4 479. 3 Source: Average Daily Wages of Workers Engaged in Public Sector Construction Projects, Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Contact person: Miss Lam, Telephone: 852-28875207). Table 5. 6 Construction Industry Salaries And Wages –Skilled Workers 3. 6 3. 6. IMPORT AND EXPORT OF CONSTRUCTION SERVICES Annual Import/Export of Construction Services Latest statistics on import and export of services can be found on â€Å"Report on Hong Kong Trade in Services Statistics for 2006† which is freely downloadable from the government web-site ( statisticalbookstore. gov. hk/en/index. html). However, the construction sector is described as one of the sectors which have less significant amount of TIS (Trade in Services) transactions†. There is not much import of construction services because the great majority of construction works are done by â€Å"local† firms. However, that doesn’t imply discrimination against 17 foreign contractors as the next paragraph will explain. Neither is there much export of construction services, because indigenous local contractors are generally active in the traditional building construction sector, and they may not have the competitive advantages to compete in international markets yet. Hong Kong has been consistently ranked the top in the Index of Economic Freedom for 14 consecutive years ever since it was first co-published by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal in 1995. Hong Kong being the freest economy in the world, the local government does not differentiate between foreign and local contractors. Announcing with a Technical Circular (Works Branch Technical Circular No. 9/97: Rules for the Administration of the List of Approved Contractors for Public Works, 26 May 1997), the government has abolished since 1997 the differentiation between foreign and local contractors eligible to tender for public works. From then on, both foreign and local contractors have been subject to the same sets of criteria, rules and regulations. Once registered, they are all â€Å"local† firms, and, by definition, their services are rendered locally and not â€Å"imported†. There is no statistics on the origin of the contractors, and hence there is not much â€Å"importation† of construction services expect for those one-off special cases when construction services have to be procured on an ad hoc basis. 18 The exports and imports of services are listed below: Export of services Major Service Group Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 HK$ million 3968 2941 2436 2083 590 929 1035 1191 Share3 (%) 3. 2. 7 2. 3 1. 9 Yearonyear % change 48. 2 -25. 9 -17. 2 -14. 5 74. 0 57. 5 11. 4 15. 1 Import of services HK$ million 3110 2697 2122 1872 207 246 283 306 Share3 (%) 2. 7 2. 5 2. 0 1. 7 Yearonyear % change 13. 9 -13. 3 -21. 3 -11. 8 32. 7 18. 8 15. 0 8. 1 Net export of services HK$ milli on 858 244 314 211 383 683 752 885 Construction services1 Architectural, engineering and other technical services2 1Construction services include â€Å"(g)eneral construction work (including new work, additions and alterations, repair and maintenance) and installation work at sites, buildings and structures that usually lasts for less than one year†. 2Architectural, ngineering and other technical services include â€Å"(a)dvisory architectural services; architectural design services; contract administration services; advisory and consultative engineering services; engineering design services for construction projects or industrial processes; and urban planning and landscape architectural services†. 3Share (%) is the share of export (or export) in total â€Å"building and construction†. Sources: Report on Hong Kong Trade in Services Statistics for 2006, p. 21. 2006 Gross Domestic Report, p. 41 Table 3. 6. 1 – Annual Import/Export of Construction and Consul tancy Services There is not much import nor export of construction services, though Hong Kong managed to have a positive net export of services between 2003 and 2006. In 2006, there were HK$2083 million and HK$1872million worth of construction services exported and imported respectively, resulting in a net export of services worth HK$211 million. The value of exported construction services represented 2% – 3. 4% of the total â€Å"Building and Construction† only in the years 2003 2006, or a mere 0. 36% of the total value of all exports of services in 2006. On the other hand, there is an increasing trend of export of Architectural, engineering and other technical services. The value increased to HK$1,191 million in 2006. In that year, the total value of â€Å"Building and Construction† was HK$105,960 million. If we assume that professional fees amounted to 3% of the value, the consultancy fees would be HK$3,179 million. Compared to HK$3,179 million, the HK$1,191 million earned from export of services amounted to more than 30%. In Hong Kong, architects, engineers and other professionals appear to have relied on export of services much more than the contractors. It has been commented that professional skills and expertise, which have their origins from the British institutions, have been much treasured by China Mainland, Dubai, India and other South East countries. In Hong Kong professionals seem to have more exportable advantages than building construction firms. 3. 6. 2 Top 5 Countries for Construction Import/Export The sources of imports and destinations of exports of construction and consultancy services are summarised in the following table. 19 Major service group/Region Year Export of services HK$million Import of services HK$million Net export of services HK$million Construction services Asia Australasia and Oceania Central and South America North America Western Europe Others Architectural, engineering and other technical services Asia Australasia and Oceania Central and South America North America Western Europe Others 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006 3968 2941 2436 2083 3737 2941 2330 2054

Alphabetical Electron Configuration List of all Elements

Alphabetical Electron Configuration List of all Elements This is an alphabetical electron configuration list of all the elements of the periodic table. While the electronic structure of the lighter elements is well-studied, once you get to the heavier man-made elements, these configurations are predicted or calculated based on periodic table trends. Configurations are estimated from dubnium (element 105) up to ununoctium (element 118). Note the configurations are listed using the noble gas core notation. So, for example, neon is written using this shorthand as [He]2s22p6 rather than 1s22s22p6. The electron configurations of the newly discovered super-heavy elements are predicted. Electrons travel at relativistic speeds in these atoms, so unusual behavior might occur. You may also view the electron configurations of the first 104 elements in order of atomic number. Actinium - [Rn]6d17s2Aluminum  -  [Ne]3s23p1Americium  -  [Rn]5f77s2Antimony  -  [Kr]4d105s25p3Argon  -  [Ne]3s23p6Arsenic  -  [Ar]3d104s24p3Astatine  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p5Barium  -  [Xe]6s2Berkelium  -  [Rn]5f97s2Beryllium  -  [He]2s2Bismuth  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p3Bohrium  -  [Rn]5f146d57s2Boron  -  [He]2s22p1Bromine  -  [Ar]3d104s24p5Cadmium  -  [Kr]4d105s2Calcium  -  [Ar]4s2Californium  -  [Rn]5f107s2Carbon  -  [He]2s22p2Cerium  -  [Xe]4f15d16s2Cesium  -  [Xe]6s1Chlorine  -  [Ne]3s23p5Chromium  -  [Ar]3d54s1Cobalt  -  [Ar]3d74s2Copernicium (formerly ununbium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s2Copper  -  [Ar]3d104s1Curium  -  [Rn]5f76d17s2Darmstadtium  -  [Rn]5f146d97s1Dubnium  -  [Rn]5f146d37s2Dysprosium  -  [Xe]4f106s2Einsteinium  -  [Rn]5f117s2Erbium  -  [Xe]4f126s2Europium  -  [Xe]4f76s2Fermium  -  [Rn]5f127s2Flerovium (formerly ununquadium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 Fluorine  -  [He]2s22p5Francium  -  [Rn]7s1Gadolinium  -  [Xe]4f75d16s2Gallium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p1Germanium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p2Gold  -  [Xe]4f145d106s1Hafnium  -  [Xe]4f145d26s2Hassium  -  [Rn]5f146d67s2Helium  -  1s2Holmium  -  [Xe]4f116s2Hydrogen  -  1s1Indium  -  [Kr]4d105s25p1Iodine  -  [Kr]4d105s25p5Iridium  -  [Xe]4f145d76s2Iron  -  [Ar]3d64s2Krypton  -  [Ar]3d104s24p6Lanthanum  -  [Xe]5d16s2Lawrencium  -  [Rn]5f147s27p1Lead  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p2Lithium  -  [He]2s1Livermorium (formerly ununhexium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p4Lutetium  -  [Xe]4f145d16s2Magnesium  -  [Ne]3s2Manganese  -  [Ar]3d54s2Meitnerium  -  [Rn]5f146d77s2Mendelevium  -  [Rn]5f137s2Mercury  -  [Xe]4f145d106s2Molybdenum  -  [Kr]4d55s1Moscovium - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p3 (predicted)Neodymium  -  [Xe]4f46s2Neon  -  [He]2s22p6Neptunium  -  [Rn]5f46d17s2Nickel  -  [Ar]3d84s2Nihonium - [R n] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p1 (predicted)Niobium  -  [Kr]4d45s1Nitrogen  -  [He]2s22p3Nobelium  -  [Rn]5f147s2s2Oganesson - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p6 (predicted)Osmium  -  [Xe]4f145d66s2Oxygen  -  [He]2s22p4Palladium  -  [Kr]4d10Phosphorus  -  [Ne]3s23p3Platinum  -  [Xe]4f145d96s1Plutonium  -  [Rn]5f67s2Polonium  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p4Potassium  -  [Ar]4s1Praseodymium  -  [Xe]4f36s2Promethium  -  [Xe]4f56s2Protactinium  -  [Rn]5f26d17s2Radium  -  [Rn]7s2Radon  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p6Rhenium  -  [Xe]4f145d56s2Rhodium  -  [Kr]4d85s1Roentgenium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s1Rubidium  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Kr]5s1Ruthenium  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Kr]4d75s1Rutherfordium  -  [Rn]5f146d27s2Samarium  -  [Xe]4f66s2Scandium  -  [Ar]3d14s2Seaborgium  -  [Rn]5f146d47s2Selenium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p4Silicon  -  [Ne]3s23p2Silver  -  [Kr]4d105s1Sodium  -  [Ne]3s1Strontium  -  [Kr]5s2Sulfur  -  [Ne]3s23p4Tanta lum  -  [Xe]4f145d36s2Technetium  -  [Kr]4d55s2Tellurium  -  [Kr]4d105s25p4Tennessine - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p5 (predicted)Terbium  -  [Xe]4f96s2Thallium  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p1Thorium  -  [Rn]6d27s2Thulium  -  [Xe]4f136s2Tin  -  [Kr]4d105s25p2Titanium  -  [Ar]3d24s2Tungsten  -  [Xe]4f145d46s2s2Ununoctium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p6Ununpentium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p3Ununseptium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p5Ununtrium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p1Uranium  -  [Rn]5f36d17s2Vanadium  -  [Ar]3d34s2Xenon  -  [Kr]4d105s25p6Ytterbium  -  [Xe]4f146s2Yttrium  -  [Kr]4d15s2Zinc  -  [Ar]3d104s2Zirconium  -  [Kr]4d25s2 Reference: Element data from Wolfram Alpha, retrieved 06/09/2015

International Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Business - Assignment Example A meeting is held between the members of World Trade Organization once in every two years. It has a general council which makes sure that the conference’s decisions are being implemented to its fullest. The headquarters of World Trade Organization is located in Geneva, Switzerland. Wallach, (2004, pp. 69-87) The World Trade Organization has been working on a Doha Development Agenda  also known as the Doha Round. This negotiation started in 2001 which is being done in order to treat poorer countries in an equitable manner and not to give undue benefit to richer countries. However, a World Trade Organization has not been able to reach on to a decision as because there are countries which have a different opinion on the matter. There is a disagreement between exporters of the agricultural commodities and countries which have a large number of farmers so as to protect the farmers from surges in imports. Maintaining peace is the top priority of World Trade Organization. World Trade Organization makes sure that the trade between the countries takes place smoothly and there are healthy and professional relationships being created in the process. As far as free trade and sales is concerned, World Trade Organization plays the role of a middleman between the countries responsible for building confidence in the concept of free trade. Had there been a dispute, both sides would lose. It helps countries reach a consensus in their decisions after negotiations. Bossche, (2008) When two super powers are trying to have a consensus although they are not on the same wavelength, then disputes arise. World Trade Organization helps solving disputes like these in a constructive manner. The World Trade Organization has a set of rules which the countries are bound to follow in order to avoid these disputes. It is said that the weaker counties try to enjoy more bargaining power as they are the deprived ones among the other countries; however, the World Trade

Reflection 9 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection 9 - Research Paper Example making companies should consider new marketing and advertising strategies in addition to reinventing their products rather than repackaging them in different ways. Three different kinds of new cereal packaging for traditional cereal can be zippered plastic bags, metalized bag lining, or selling the cereal in air-tight jars. The common factor among all three types of packaging is that they are useful for the customers even when the cereal is finished. For example, zippered plastic bags can be used to carry fresh vegetables like spinach from the grocery store to the home, or to carry salad from home to school. Such a packaging is very useful in the present age when the use of plastic shopping bags is discouraged. Metallized bags are even more useful than the plastic bags since they help keep the food fresh and safe from the moisture and the outside odors. Air-tight jars are also very useful for storing bakery items and confectionaries like biscuits and cookies. My favorite cereal packaging amongst the three is zipped plastic bags because their use surpasses the use of other two options in everyday life. In addition, they are the most cost-effect ive option for the cereal companies to avail. The Canadian people are very fond of biscuits. The cereal makers should consider making biscuits with cereals. The cereal makers should analyze which of their flavors have acquired maximum sales in the past and the same can be converted into biscuits. Another kind of cereal can be spicy and salty cereals. These days, there is a growing trend among the Canadian consumers to eat flavored and fried pulses. Traditionally, cereals are very mildly flavored and the spicy flavor is particularly hard to find. So the cereal makers should try their luck with the fried and spicy range of cereals. Another kind of cereal can be chocolates. The weight-conscious Canadian consumers crave chocolate and can never have enough of it despite their awareness that it is a very high-calorie food item

William Goldings Lord of the Flies :: Essays Papers

Lord of the Flies Summary One fact about this book should be established from the start - this is not a children's book. The "littluns" and "bigguns" represent members of the human race. The conflict between law and barbarism would have, I believe to be the same had the island been inhabited with adult survivors instead of children. The novel is about a transition from an immensely exciting adventure of some children, to what eventually becomes full-scale war, ending with the arrival of the naval officer who rescued them. Tough I still wonder if they were really saved, considering the atomic war which, at that time was still raging around the globe. The book begins by introducing the two of the characters - Ralph and Piggy. Ralph finds a conch (a shell shaped in such a way that when blown it will sound) and blows it, summoning the rest of the boys, who were on the aeroplane and survived the crash. Last to arrive are the choir, who are described as a "black catterpillar moving along the beach." On closer examination is is found that there is a wide variance in the age of the boys, from about 6 to 12 years of age. From here on in the book the younger boys are simply referred to as the "littluns" and the older boys as "bigguns" although the younger children are referred to more collectively in the story. Ralph is elected chief of the group and his first action is for Jack, Simon and himself to go on a scout to check if the island is really and island or is attached to anything else, they find that it is an island and return to the rest of the boys. It is decided at the meeting held by Ralph that people should only be allowed to speak at meetings if they have possession of the conch, thus giving the conch a special power to the boys. It is also decided that the choir should become hunters for food, with Jack (the choir leader) in charge of them. Above all this though is the importance of a fire being lit and staying alight night and day for a ship to see and hopefully rescue them. At this point a small boy comes forward and tells the boys that he saw a monster which he calls a "beastie" in the woods.

Critical Review of Two Academic Papers

Critical review of two academic papers about the impacts of festivals and events to local and regional development The aim of this essay is to critical review two academic papers relating to the impacts of festivals and events to local and regional development. The first key writing of Moscardo (2007) Analyzing the role of festivals and events in regional development, focuses on the potential role of festivals and events and explaining how can they contribute to regional development.Another paper, wrote by Wood (2005) Measuring the economic and social impacts of local authority events, focuses on local authority use events in non-tourism regions and the post-industrial town of Blackburn in Lancashire. This essay will introduce the different methodological approaches that these two articles used and discuss why these methods suitable for these two papers. It will also discuss other parts of methods the authors used. According to Lancaster( 2009) using different kinds of methodological can make the data more reliable and valid.Focus on the content of these two papers, in the first writing, Moscardo (2007) describes that the study explored 36 case studies and analysis identified 13 themes which connected to the efficiency of festivals and events in regional development. The results of this research, which are analysed by using the qualitative research method, are used to describing how festivals and events can contribute to regional development. They also analysed the factors to the success of events and festivals. Moreover, Eisenhard (1989 cited in Moscardo) provided the main steps in case study analysis.In another article, Wood (2005) uses quantitative method to identified both economic and social impacts of community focused on local authority events. This research using mainly six questionnaires to evaluate two large events on different sides. As it mentioned, the authors used two different types of research methods. One is qualitative method and another one i s quantitative method. As noted by Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2008) there are mainly three distinct differences between qualitative data and quantitative data. First of all, qualitative data is based on through words express meanings and cannot be uantified. In contrast, qualitative data is based on meanings indicated through numbers and that can be counted or measured. Second, qualitative method conducted data from using conceptual model and quantitative method conducted data through using charts and statistics. Third, quantitative research relies mainly on statistical information and numbers, the results are numerical. Conversely, qualitative method need analyse longer descriptions instead of numbers. For using qualitative method, the advantages are this method strength is in uncovering more about people’s experience.As qualitative research focuses on small groups, it can be less expensive than quantitative research which may require large groups of participants or expensive measurement tools. There are also have some â€Å"postivist† (Egan 2012) issues with qualitative research, such as subjective, cannot be generalised and it is difficult to determine the validity and reliability of linguistic data. For using quantitative method, it both have positive sides and negative sides too. The advantages are the data is specific, replicable, generaliseable and it is aggregates across multiple subjects and summarizes findings.However, quantitative data may not be as rich as or as detailed as qualitative method and survey may be difficult for some participants, may not provide all the information needed for interpretations of data findings, and the large amounts of data may require more sophisticated analysis approaches (Cooper, Donohue and Tharenou 2007). Back on these two papers, the reason why Moscardo (2007) used qualitative research method is because this study is focused on a specific area about the role that successful events and festiva ls can play in regional development. It is need information specifically and robust.Due to the purpose of the study, another author Wood (2005) used quantitative research method , which is evaluate two events and develop local people's attitude to the region. They need widely information to know the general opinions of local authority events. Continuing focus on the different research methods the authors chose. Moscardo (2007) explored 36 case studies and identified 13 themes in content analysis. Anderson, Jansen and Velde (2004) state that case study research specializes in the understanding of a complex issue or experience in object and can be expanded or added to any known through previous research trengths. Case study highlights a limited number of events or conditions and detailed background analysis of the relationship between them. Elsmore (2012) maintains that case study has many merits. For example, first, it can put people , events and organisations in their both social an d historical context. Second, it has a ability to treat the subject as a whole. Third, data collection is very flexible, this strategy permits researchers to adjust their research strategy as the research proceeds. Furthermore, there is on need to generalise to a defined wider population.Moscardo also used Eisenhardt's (1989) steps in case study analysis, the process as starting from traditional problem definition and construct validation similar to hypothesis testing research. It required specify population, make theoretical and not random sampling. Next, it should combine both qualitative and quantitative methods and overlap data collection to allow investigators to take advantage of emergent themes. Then, analyse cases and across cases and compare findings and similar literature to build internal validity. Lastly, extend and test hypothesis in other samples of case studies.Anderson, Jansen and Velde (2004) indicate that the resultant theory from the Eisenhardt process is grounded enough for application. Wood (2005) developed 6 different questionnaires, it is important because these questionnaires are used to assess economic impacts of authority events and festivals through survey people's attitude. Cooper, Donohue and Tharenou (2007) report that there are many benefits of questionnaires. The first one is the responses are gathered in a standardised way, so questionnaires are more objective than interviews.Then, questionnaires not only can collect data relatively quick but also can contact a large number of people at a very low price if use telephone or postal. However, in some situations they can take a long time to design and analyse. Moreover, in some cases potential respondents will refuse to take the time to be interviewed or will refuse to answer some specific questions and response rates can be low from postal. In both papers, they chose different method, so the respondents and the numbers of information are different.In Moscardo's research, he use ca ses from different countries and a variety kinds of festival and event. About 50 per cent cases were from Australia, approximately all of the case were regular or recurring events. In Wood's research, the respondents were people and organisations, it surveyed six types, the attitudes to the region before event, event attendees and participants, non-attendees, local business, sponsors, community groups and attitudes to the region after event. The attitude surveys were carried out by telephone interview, and the numbers were selected randomly.Walliman (2011) says that when a sample is selected randomly, then every item in the population has an equal chance of being selected. These two writing were both described literature review in their different sections. According to Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson (2008) literature review is all their own and contribute to knowledge through literature reviews on a specific topic of research activities. They serve as valuable resources for thos e who want to get overview of the available research in a particular area.Literature review is always done as part of a paper highlighted key issues and related topics, and highlights the influence of conceptual or empirical studies already carried out in the field. To sum up, through comparing the methods used to the impacts of festivals and events to local and regional development in these two papers. It presents that there are mainly three differences between qualitative method and quantitative method. The biggest difference is that qualitative method express meanings through words and quantitative method is based on numbers.In addition, they both have advantages and disadvantages. Due to their different purpose of studies, one of them chose case studies and another chose questionnaires as their research method and explains their positive sides and negative sides. Moscardo (2007) uses case from different countries and in Wood's research, the respondents were people and organisati ons and Wood selected the sampling randomly. Finally, the last portion states why need literature review and how it is significant. Above all, a research should be use suitable methods, no matter it is qualitative or quantitative.